䀡碼源𧵑律Jim Crow

{{懃準化}}'''律Jim Crow'''（Luật Jim Crow；[[㗂英]]：Jim Crow Laws）羅律例𧵑小邦吧地方施行事分別種族於[[南花旗|沔南花旗]]。 <ref name="fremon">{{Chú thích sách|url=https://archive.org/details/jimcrowlawsracis00frem|title=The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History|last=Fremon|first=David|date=2000|publisher=Enslow|isbn=0766012972|url-access=registration}}</ref> 畢哿仍律例呢{{r|得|được}}班行𠓨𡳳世紀19吧頭世紀20𤳸各機關立法小邦被統治𤳸仍𠊛䏧𤽸遶黨民主沔南（southern democrats）𢖖時奇再設。<ref name="Bartlett2008">{{Chú thích sách|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POhHuoGILNYC&pg=PA24|title=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past|last=Bruce Bartlett|date=8 January 2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-61138-2|pages=24–}}</ref>律法{{r|得|được}}施行朱𦥃𢆥1965。<ref name="Schmermund2016">{{Chú thích sách|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee|last=Elizabeth Schmermund|date=15 July 2016|publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-0-7660-7914-4|pages=27–}}</ref>𥪝實際、律Jim Crow𠚢令施行分別種族在畢哿各基礎公共於各邦屬聯盟沔南花旗𡳰吧各小邦恪、扒頭自仍𢆥1870吧1880。律Jim Crow㐌{{r|得|được}}維持𠓨𢆥1896𥪝務案''Plessy𢶢吏Ferguson''、𥪝𪦆座案最高花旗𫯖𠚢學説法理「𥢆別仍平等」朱各基礎朱𠊛美㭲非。{{r|欣|Hơn}}𡛤、教育公共𧗱基本㐌被𫀥別𠸥自欺成立於候𥃞各小邦沔南𢖖[[內戰花旗|內戰]]（1861-65）。

原則法理𧵑事分別種族「𥢆別仍平等」㐌{{r|得|được}}𨷑𢌌朱各基礎公共吧交通運載、包𪞍哿各梭艚吧車buýt聯邦。各基礎朱𠊛美㭲非吧[[𠊛美本地於花旗|𠊛美本地]]𫷓󰀊劔吧少寸𬧺唄各基礎𤔷朱[[𠊛美䏧𤽸]]；堆欺、空𣎏基礎朱𠊛䏧牟。<ref name="tperd">{{Chú thích web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?302379-1/legacy-jim-crow-southern-native-americans|title=Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans|author=Perdue|first=Theda|date=October 28, 2011|website=C-SPAN|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> <ref name="jimlu">{{Chú thích web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLY3XbAqDUwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage|title=Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation|author=Lowery|first=Malinda Maynor|date=January 1, 2010|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|pages=0–339|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>羅𠬠分𧵑法律、Jim Crow㐌體製化仍不利𧗱經濟、教育吧社會朱𠊛美㭲非吧仍𠊛䏧牟恪𤯨於沔南。<ref name="jewolf">{{注釋雜誌|last=Wolfley|first=Jeanette|date=1990|title=Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans|url=http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/567/1/JimCrowAIStyle.pdf|journal=Indian Law Review|volume=16|pages=167–202|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> 

律Jim Crow吧各條款憲法小邦Jim Crow扒𢷏𬆃分𫀥各場公立、坭公共吧交通公共、吧事分別房衛生、{{r|家|nhà}}行吧𢞂渃㕵朱𠊛䏧𤽸吧𠊛䏧𪓇。軍隊花旗㐌{{r|得|được}}𫀥𥢆。總統[[Woodrow Wilson]]、𠬠𠊛遶黨民主沔南、㐌起唱役𫀥別各坭爫役聯邦𠓨𢆥1913。<ref name="Gardner2002">{{Chú thích sách|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3Ypq7AqtxQC&pg=PA108|title=Harry Truman and Civil Rights|last=Michael R. Gardner|publisher=SIU Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8093-8896-7|pages=108–}}</ref> 

𢆥1954、事分別各場公立（{{r|得|được}}財助𤳸{{r|家|nhà}}渃）㐌被[[座案最高花旗|座案最高花旗]]宣佈[[合憲|羅違憲]]遶{{r|正|chánh}}案Earl Warren𥪝務件𫼳併𨀈𣌴''Brown𢶢吏''會同教育<ref name=":0">{{注釋web|url=https://www.landmarkcases.org/cases/brown-v-board-of-education|title=Brown v. Board of Education|author=landmarkcases.dcwdbeta.com|first=Landmark Supreme Court Cases (555) 123-4567|website=Landmark Supreme Court Cases|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{注釋web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1)|author=|first=|date=|website=Oyez|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{注釋web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/two-landmark-decisions-fight-equality-and-justice|title=Two Landmark Decisions in the Fight for Equality and Justice|date=2017-10-11|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>於𠬠數邦、𬆃𠅍𡗉𢆥底實現決定呢、𥪝欺座案Warren接續判決𢶢吏律Jim Crow𥪝各場合恪如''Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. 𢶢吏花旗（1964）。''<ref>{{注釋web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515|title=Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States|author=|first=|date=|website=Oyez|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>吶終、各律Jim Crow𫲳吏㐌被𡓁𠬃𤳸道律民權𢆥1964吧道律權𠬕票𢆥1965。

==詞原==
㯲詞「律Jim Crow」𣎏體{{r|得|được}}{{r|尋|tìm}}𧡊𣌋一羅𠓨𢆥1892𥪝標題𧵑𠬠排報𧵑''New York Times''𧗱役小邦僂㥋咦安𦀨（Louisiana）要求𬆃𣎏各梭車焒格別種族。 <ref>{{Chú thích báo|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05EEDB1F31E033A25752C2A9649D94639ED7CF|title=Louisiana's 'Jim Crow' Law Valid|date=December 21, 1892|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 6, 2011|location=New York|issn=0362-4331|quote=New Orleans, Dec 20. – The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the 'Jim Crow' law, making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for blacks.}}</ref>{{r|源|Nguồn}}㭲𧵑㯲詞「Jim Crow」常{{r|得|được}}擀朱「Jump Jim Crow」, 𠬠排咭吧𧿆貶畫𧗱𠊛䏧𪓇{{r|得|được}}實現𤳸男演員䏧𤽸Thomas D. Rice𫽗𪓇𩈘、𦓡頭先出現𥪝𢆥1832吧{{r|得|được}}使用底𠛌貶正冊民粹𧵑[[Andrew Jackson]]。結果𧵑事𬈗㗂𧵑Rice、「Jim Crow」𠓨𢆥1838㐌𧿨成𠬠表現𫼳併蔑視𣎏義羅「𠊛䏧𪓇」。欺各機關立法沔南通過各律分別種族𥆂𠓨𠊛䏧𪓇𠓨𡳳世紀19、仍道律呢{{r|得|được}}噲羅律Jim Crow。<ref name="scjc7">Woodward, C. Vann and McFeely, William S. (2001), ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow''. p. 7</ref> 

==注釋==

[[體類:𠊛䏧𤽸上等於花旗]]
[[體類:時期再設]]
[[體類:術語政治花旗]]
[[體類:政治吧種族於花旗]]
[[體類:歷史𠊛美本地]]
[[體類:歷史律法花旗]]
[[體類:歷史民權𧵑𠊛美㭲非]]
[[體類:分別對處於花旗]]
[[體類:分別種族𢶢𠊛䏧𪓇於花旗]]
[[體類:歷史𠊛美㭲非]]

{{Wikipedia|Luật Jim Crow}}