Illuminaence

'''物理學'''咍'''物理'''（噲𤎕羅「理」）[[㗂英]]： physics，[[自㗂希臘古]]：φύσις固義羅見識𧗱自然）羅𠬠門[[科學自然]]集中𠓨事研究[[物質]]<ref name="feynman2">[[Richard Feynman]]𢲫頭𥪝 [[The Feynman Lectures on Physics|捲「'''排講''' ]𧵑翁]]𧗱 [[Nguyên tử|假說原子]]，貝發表𠦯衮一𧵑翁𧗱𤗆智識科學：「裊固𠬠慘禍𦓡𤗆見識[[科學]]被破毀，吧衆些只得法傳吏𠬠句抵賴朱世系將來…，丕時句芇仕貯𡗉通信貝𠃣自一？碎信哴妬羅…「𤗆次固構造自原子—仍籺𡮈轉動永久，唿悋僥欺衆唏𨖨賒僥，扔吏𢩽僥欺搌衆吏…''" {{chú thích báo|isbn=0-201-02116-1|author=R.P. Feynman, R.B. Leighton, M. Sands|year=1963|title=[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]]|volume=1|page=I-2}}</ref>吧[[轉動]]𧵑伮𥪝[[空間]]吧[[時間]]、共貝仍概念連關如[[能量]]吧[[力]]。<ref>{{Chú thích báo|url=http://books.google.com/?id=noRgWP0_UZ8C&printsec=titlepage&dq=matter+and+motion|isbn=0-486-66895-9|author=J.C. Maxwell|year=1878|title=Matter and Motion|page=9|publisher=D. Van Nostrand|quote=科學物理羅𠬠庫藏見識連關𦤾次堛𥪝自然，咍蹺格恪，𦤾程序𧵑各事件侈𠚢.}}</ref>物理學羅𠬠𥪝仍部門[[科學]]𥹰󠄁𠁀一、貝目的尋曉事[[運動]]𧵑[[宇宙]]。<ref>{{chú thích báo|isbn=|author=H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman|year=2004|edition=11 |title=University Physics with Modern Physics|page=2|publisher=[[Addison Wesley]]|quote=物理羅梗科學''寔驗''。各茹物理觀察各現象𥪝自然吧固尋𠚢仍本質吧原理隱𢖖󠄁每現象尼。仍原理尼屬𧗱各理說物理、欺衆得確立吧使用𢌌𠸤、衆𠭤成各定律物理。}}</ref><ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://books.google.com.vn/books/about/Physics_For_Dummies.html?id=FrRNO6t51DMC&redir_esc=y|isbn=0-470-61841-8|author=S. Holzner|year=2006|title=Physics for Dummies|page=7|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]|quote=物理研究世界𧵑伴吧世界拱如宇宙衝𨒺伴。}}</ref><ref>注意：術語''宇宙''吶𦤾𤗆寔體存在客觀：全部空間吧時間、𤗆樣物質、能量吧動量、吧各定律物理拱如各恆數支配衆。對欺術語''宇宙固体曉蹺格恪、伮𠯅𦤾[[宇宙|宇宙學 ]]咍世界哲學。^</ref>

== 歷史 ==

[['''哲學自然''']]連結得提及𦤾𥪝𡗉𡋂文明恪僥。𥪝階段650𠓀公元–480𠓀公元、欺各茹哲學希臘𠓀[[Sokrates]]如[[Thales]]反對格解釋[[主觀維意志]]朱各現象自然吧翁朱哴𤗆事件沛固原因自[[自然]]<ref>Singer, C. ''A Short History of Science to the 19th century.'' Streeter Press, 2008. p. 35.</ref>。𣱆提出𠚢仍意想𠁪理解各觀察吧現象、吧𡗉假說𧵑𣱆㐌得證明成功憑試驗、譬喻如[[原子論]]。<ref>{{chú thích báo

===物理古典===

[[物理古典]]包𠁟仍蘔吧主題傳統㐌得公認吧發展完善𠓀世紀XX—[[機學古典]]、[[音學]]、[[光學]]、[[熱動力學]]、吧[[電磁學]]。

===物理現代===

物理古典吶終研究物質吧轉動於範圍𦓡𡥵𠊛固体觀察吧接近恆𣈜、𥪝欺[[物理現代]]研究行狀𧵑物質吧相作於仍曠隔微模吧偉模。譬喻、[[物理原子]]吧[[籺仁]]研究物質於級度微模𦓡在妬各[[元素化學]]得分類𠬠格基本。物理籺基本研究於曠隔𡮈欣𡛤𧗱仍成份基本一𧵑物質；蘔物理尼拱得噲羅物理能量高𤳸爲各茹科學使用[[𣛠加速]]朱各籺固能量高撝𪮻𠓨僥抵尋曉行狀吧性質𧵑籺基本。於簜曠隔微模尼、仍概念通常蹺直覺恆𣈜空𡀳倲𡛤。

===事恪僥𡧲物理古典吧物理現代===

𥪝欺物理學向𦤾發現𠚢仍定律總括描寫吧解釋各現象、時各理說𧵑伮壓用吧倲朱仍範圍具體。吶𠬠格𠦯衮、各定律𧵑物理古典描寫正確仍系統固曠隔𡘯欣簜𢵋[[原子]]吧轉動貝運速窒𡮈𬧺貝[[速度映𤏬]]。邊外範圍尼、仍觀察寔驗空𡀳倲貝先斷𧵑機學古典。[[Albert Einstein]]㨂𢵰𠓨𣟂𥿍𧵑[[說相對狹]]、𠊝替𠬠空間吧時間絕對憑[[空時間]]附屬𠓨速度𧵑系規照吧描寫正確仍系固運速𢵸𠯽速度映𤏬。[[Max Planck]]、[[Erwin Schrödinger]]、吧仍茹科學恪開破[[機學量子]]、貝概念分布確率連關𦤾各性質𧵑籺拱如相作𢭂𢷮𡧲衆吧理說描寫𠬠格正確行狀𧵑世界原子吧轄下原子。𢖖󠄁妬、[[理說場量子]]統一[[機學量子]]吧[[說相對狹]]描寫各籺微模轉動近吧平憑速度映𤏬。[[說相對𢌌]]總括說相對狹、描寫空時間𢏣固性動力吧附屬𠓨事固𩈘吧性質𧵑物質、伮描寫仍物體塊量𡘯吧構築偉模𧵑全宇宙拱如先斷符合貝寔驗𧗱事進化𧵑宇宙。各茹物理理說吻𣗓統一得說相對總括描寫場吸引貝𠀧相作基本描寫𤳸機學量子：[[相作猛]]、[[相作𪽳]]吧[[相作電磁]]；吧𠬠𠄧理說𧗱[[吸引量子]]㐌得提出。<ref>{{chú thích web |title=Relativity and the quantum |url=http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/quantum |work=Max Planck Instituts für Gravitationsphysik (Albert Einstein Institut) |author=Markus Pössel |date=ngày 12 tháng 10 năm 2011 |access-date=ngày 24 tháng 1 năm 2016 |archive-date=2013-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511073528/http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/quantum |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==聯繫貝仍領域恪==

===前提===

算學羅言語抵描寫𠬠格衮強吧[[logic]]次堛𥪝自然、特別羅各定律𧵑物理。條尼得注意吧擁護𤳸[[Pythagoras]]、<ref>{{chú thích web |url=http://books.google.com.vn/books/about/The_Mechanization_of_the_World_Picture.html?id=TP1gQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Dijksterhuis (1986) The mechanization of the world picture: Pythagoras to Newton |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=ngày 27 tháng 2 năm 2002 |access-date =ngày 15 tháng 6 năm 2013}}</ref> [[Plato]]，<ref>{{chú thích web |title=The story of mathematics |url=http://www.storyofmathematics.com/greek_plato.html |quote=嚜怞𣈜𫢩𠊛些𢖵𦤾翁如羅𠬠茹哲學、Plato拱羅𠬠𥪝仍𠊛擁護算學關重一𧵑希臘古代。促𢩽𤳸Pythagoras、翁立𠚢院翰林於Athens𢆥387𠓀公元、坭翁扨猛算學羅工具關重抵曉寔在。特別、翁結論哴形學羅匙銙解碼仍秘隱𧵑宇宙。表象邊𨑗𨶛𠓨𧵑院翰林𥱬：『空朱法埃否認形學𨀈過低』}}</ref> [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]，<ref>「哲學得曰𠚢𥪝仍捲冊𡘯扔吏𬐸嚉𡥵眜衆些。意碎羅宇宙、爲衆些空体曉伮裊頭先衆些空學言語吧捻扒得仍記號曰𠚢憑算學。卷冊尼曰蹺言語算學、吧記號】羅仍三角、形圇吧仍形恪、裊空固衆𡥵𠊛空体曉只憑詞語、吧空固衆衆些𥞖如𠬠𠊛𠫾落𥪝迷宮𣋁。」 – [[Galileo Galilei]] (1623), ''The Assayer''，摘引𤳸 G. Toraldo Di Francia (1976), ''The Investigation of the Physical World'' ISBN 0-521-29925-X p.10</ref>吧[[Isaac Newton|Newton]]。

</ref>

[[本體論]]羅𠬠理說先決朱物理學、扔空沛朱算學。條妬固義羅物理完全只模寫世界寔在、𥪝欺算學發展迻𠚢𡗉梗抽象、甚至越𠺌範圍世界寔。由丕仍發表物理𫼳性綜合、𥪝欺各發表算學𫼳性分析。算學貯仍前提吧假說、𥪝欺物理學澦𨑗仍定律、各原理基本吧工具算學。各發表算學只懃妥滿𧗱𩈘[[logic]]、𥪝欺各先斷𧵑發表物理沛符合貝與料觀察吧寔驗。

===應用吧影響===

物理應用羅𠬠梗研究壓用物理學朱目的吧要求𧵑𡥵𠊛。物理應用常貯𠬠𠄧領域物理理說、如[地質學]咍[[技術電]]。梗尼常恪貝梗技術於𡊲茹物理應用空𠳾設計𠬠設備之㵋、𦓡𣱆使用見識物理抵寔現各研究互助朱仍工藝㵋或解決𠬠問題技術芇妬。<ref>{{chú thích web |url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap |title=Journal of Applied Physics |publisher=American Institute of Physics |access-date =ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 2013 }}</ref>

===理說吧寔驗===

各茹物理向𬧐發展仍[[模型算學]]空仍妥滿結果𧵑仍試驗㐌固𦓡𡀳先斷成功仍結果㵋咍仍現象㵋；<ref>{{chú thích web |url=http://www.superstringtheory.com/basics/basic1.html |title=What is theoretical physics? |author=Patricia Schwarz |publisher=Caltech |date=2012 |access-date=ngày 1 tháng 5 năm 2013 |archive-date=2008-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007215605/http://www.superstringtheory.com/basics/basic1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 𥪝欺妬各茹物理寔驗空仍設計吧擸撻仍試驗檢證結果理說𦓡𣱆𡀳寔現仍試驗㵋朱結果空符合貝仍理說現在或發現𠚢現象咍效應㵋。嚜怞理說吧寔驗得發展剒別僥、衆吏附屬猛𠓨悋僥。<ref name="Feynman2"/>事進展𧵑物理學常𨀈𨖅章㵋欺各茹寔驗發現𠚢仍現象㵋、或欺𠬠理說㵋先斷結果𦓡各茹寔驗固体寔現得各試驗檢證𫼳吏結果擁護理說㵋。<ref name="EinsteinInfeld1971">{{chú thích sách|authors=Albert Einstein; Leopold Infeld|title=The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rSg4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA92|access-date =ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 2013|year=1971|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09687-4|pages=92–}}</ref>

===範圍吧目的===

物理學研究𡗉現象、自[[各籺基本]]（如[[quark]]、[[neutrino]]吧[[electron]]）朱𦤾仍[[超𡌽天河]]。包括仍現象吧物質基本尼羅仍次構成𬨠𤗆事物吧現象恪。由丕物理𡀳得噲羅「科學基本」。<ref name="Feynman lectures">''The Feynman Lectures on Physics'' Volume I. Feynman, Leighton and Sands. ISBN 0-201-02115-3 Xem chương 3: "The Relation of Physics to Other Sciences".</ref>物理學固目的描寫彊𡗉現象恪僥𥪝自然只憑𠬠數𡮈各規律單簡一。由丕、物理學𠁪目的聯繫仍次𦓡𡥵𠊛觀察得貝原因𨠳𠚢衆、吧𢖖󠄁妬結綏仍原因尼貝僥。

====物質凝聚====

物理物質凝聚羅𠬠梗𧵑物理學研究各性質物理偉模𧵑物質。<ref name="Taylor2002">{{chú thích sách|last1=Taylor|first1=Philip L.|author2=Olle Heinonen|title=A Quantum Approach to Condensed Matter Physics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hyx6BjEX4U8C|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77827-5}}</ref>特別、伮察𦤾各頗「凝聚」出現不據欺芇數籺𥪝系羅窒𡘯吧相作𡧲衆羅猛。<ref name=Cohen2008>{{chú thích tạp chí|last=Cohen|first=Marvin L.|title=Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics|journal=Physical Review Letters|year=2008|volume=101|issue=5|pages=25001 (5 pages)|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001|url=http://journals.aps.org/prl/edannounce/PhysRevLett.101.250001}}</ref>

仍譬喻慣熟一𧵑[[頗]]凝聚妬羅質𰧄吧質𣿅、衆出現由力電磁連結𡧲各原子。<ref name="Moore2011">{{chú thích sách|last=Moore|first=John T.|title=Chemistry For Dummies|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRuP-BbS9xoC|edition=2 |year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-00730-3|pages=255–258}}</ref>仍頗凝聚奇𨓐包𠁟[[狀態超沚]]<ref name=Leggett1999>{{chú thích tạp chí|last=Leggett|first=Anthony J.|title=Superfluidity|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|year=1999|volume=71|issue=2|pages=S318–S323|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S318}}</ref>吧[[凝聚Bose–Einstein]]<ref>{{chú thích tạp chí

====物理能量高（物理籺）吧物理籺仁====

物理籺研究各[[籺基本]]構造𢧚[[物質]]吧[[能量]]、拱如相作𡧲衆。<ref>{{chú thích web|title=Division of Particles & Fields|url=http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/index.cfm|publisher=American Physical Society|access-date =ngày 18 tháng 10 năm 2012}}</ref>添𠓨妬、各茹物理籺共配合貝各技師𠁪設計吧擸撻各[[𣛠加速]]、<ref name="Halpern2010">{{chú thích sách|last=Halpern|first=Paul|title=Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JAxLVY96sqsC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-64391-4}}</ref> [[𣛠𪭴籺]]、<ref>{{chú thích tạp chí|last=Grupen|first=Klaus|title=Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics:VIII ICFA School|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|date = ngày 28 tháng 6 năm 1999 |volume=536|pages=3–34|doi=10.1063/1.1361756}}</ref> 吧各章程[[份𣠳]]𧼋𨑗[[超𣛠併]]𠁪分析與料收得。<ref>{{chú thích web|last=Walsh|first=Karen McNulty|title=Plotting the Future for Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics|url=http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=23098|publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory|access-date =ngày 18 tháng 10 năm 2012|date=ngày 1 tháng 6 năm 2012}}</ref>梗尼𡀳得噲羅「物理能量高」𤳸爲𡗉[[籺基本]]空出現咍存在「𥹰󠄁」𥪝自然、吧抵研究衆各茹物理沛𢏑仍籺固能量高撝𪮻貝僥抵生𠚢仍籺尼。<ref>{{chú thích web|title=High Energy Particle Physics Group|url=http://www.iop.org/activity/groups/subject/hepp/index.html|publisher=Institute of Physics|access-date =ngày 18 tháng 10 năm 2012}}</ref>

====物理天文====

[[天文學]]吧[[天文物理]]羅𠬠梗應用各理說吧方法𧵑物理學抵研究構築[[𣇟]]、進化𣇟、源㭲吧[[事形成系𩈘𡗶]]、[[事形成各行星]]、[[天河]]、朱𦤾仍構築𡘯𥪝宇宙。伮拱研究[[歷史起頭吧結束𧵑宇宙]]…<ref>{{chú thích web |url=http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=110 |title=About Astronomy and Astrophysics |publisher=EDP Science |work=Staff |access-date =ngày 27 tháng 4 năm 2013 }}</ref>天文物理羅𠬠梗𢌌、各茹物理天文沛壓用𡗉蘔𧵑物理學包𠁟[[機學天體]]、[[電磁學]]、[[機學統計]]、[[熱動力學]]、[[機學量子]]、[[說相對]]、[[物理籺]]…

[[物理宇宙學]]研究事形成吧進化𧵑宇宙𨑗範圍𡘯一𧵑伮。𥪝領域尼說相對𢌌𧵑Albert Einstein㨂𦠘𠻀中心𧵑各理說宇宙學現代。世紀XX、各勘破𧵑[[Hubble]]共𠬠數茹科學恪朱𧡊宇宙當僴𦬑、如得只𠚢憑[[定律Hubble]]。勘破尼共貝發現𧗱[[輻射堸微㳥宇宙]]羅𠬠𥪝仍證據猛瑪擁護說「[[務砮𡘯]]」𧗱事起頭𧵑宇宙吧𤄹𠬃理說狀態仃𧵑宇宙。𡳳世紀XX、澦𨑗觀察各超新星類Ia各茹物理天文㐌不㘈發現𠚢宇宙空仍當僴𦬑𦓡事僴𦬑當增速、空如𠓀低朱哴事僴𦬑尼沛踸吏。<ref name="Nobel2011">{{chú thích web|title=Nobel Prize Biography|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html|work=Nobel Prize Biography|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date =25 tháng 2 năm 2011}}</ref>

[[理說Big Bang]]𠭤𬨠成功貝仍先斷𧵑事生𠚢各元素珥𥪝綜合籺仁務砮𡘯、𧗱[[輻射殘餘微波]]發現𢆥1964吧𧗱構築𡘯𧵑宇宙觀察得。模型務砮𡘯澦𨑗𠄩柱榾正：[[說相對總括]]𧵑Albert Einstein吧[[原理宇宙學]]。各茹宇宙學現𫢩迻𠚢模型ΛCDM、模型包𠁟務砮𡘯如羅點起頭開生宇宙－咍模型準𧵑宇宙學。模型描寫𧗱事進化吧成份𧵑宇宙拱如狀態最後𧵑伮、貝各理說附添如[[宇宙濫發]]於時點Big Bang；各成份[[能量𣋁]]、[[物質𣋁]]吧物質[[baryon]]。<ref name="Nobel2011"/>

== 研究現在 ==

仍進程發展𧵑物理接續貝仍問題𣗓𦄂得吧需求促𢩽各進步工藝㵋。