主義資本
 | 排曰尼固沒名冊各源參考、仍仍刎𣗓答應可能檢證得𤳸身刎羣少各注釋𪚚行. (𣎃12/2023) |
主義資本（Chủ nghĩa tư bản、㗂英：capitalism）羅沒系統經濟𢭸𨕭權所有私人對貝資料産出和活動産出為利潤。[1][2][3][4]各特點特徵𧵑主義資本包𠔮：財産私人、積壘資本、勞動錢糧、抓𢷮自願、沒系統價哿市場競爭。[5][6]𪚚𡋂經濟市場資本、役調行和投資得決定𤳸主所有財産、資料産出或可能産出𪚚市場財政、𪚚欺價哿、分配行貨和役務主要得決定𤳸事競爭𪚚市場行貨和役務。[7][8]主義資本出現頭先在洲歐和發展𪚚𢚸社會封建洲歐和正式得確立如沒型態社會在荷蘭和英於世紀XVII。𨍦革命法𡳜世紀XVIII、型態政治𧵑「茹渃資本主義」夤夤佔優勢完全在洲歐和類𠬃夤型態茹渃𧵑制度封建、貴族。和𨍦尼型態政治—經濟—社會資本主義灡𦋦泣洲歐和世界。
事發展𧵑主義資本（貝資格沒型態經濟）自主義封建空由沒理說家芇𡏦𥩯。雖然阿眈·疏櫗羅𠊛固㨂𢵰𡚢𣁔一𡏦𥩯沒系統理論相對完整衛主義資本自由咍自由經濟。主義資本空同一貝主義自由𢂎𡋂磉羅經濟私有、訥格恪主義資本羅沒𪚚各型態經濟産出私有和對立貝主義社會𨕭𡋂磉所有公共、所有集體。各政策安生社會𪚚𡋂經濟資本空沛羅成素𧵑主義資本、和拱空沛表現特徵𧵑主義社會。正確欣羅伮羅表顯𧵑沒𡋂經濟得調整𠃣𡗉𤳸茹渃。
各茹經濟、茹經濟政治、茹社會學和茹史學㐌壓用仍觀點恪憢𪚚各分析衛主義資本和㐌公認𡗉型式資本固𪚚寔濟、包𠔮「laissez-faire」咍主義資本市場自由、主義資本福利、和主義資本茹渃。各型式恪憢𧵑主義資本固𣞪度恪憢於市場自由、所有公共、[9]阻礙朱競爭自由和各政策社會被茹渃處罰。𣞪度競爭𨕭市場、𣘾𠻀扞涉和調節和範圍所有茹渃恪憢𠁹各模型主義資本恪憢。[10][11]侯𣍊各𡋂經濟資本現在羅各𡋂經濟混合結合各要素𧵑市場自由貝事扞涉𧵑茹渃和𪚚沒數場合羅劃定經濟。[12]
各𡋂經濟市場㐌存在𤲂𡗉型式𧵑政府和於𡗉時點、地點和𡋂文化恪憢。各社會資本現代、得𢱏𧿫憑事普及各關係社會𢭸𨕭銅錢、沒𡖡工人𣁔和全系統沛𫜵役抵斂錢、和沒層笠資本所有各方便産出得發展於西歐𪚚沒過程引𦤾局革命工業。各系統資本貝𣞪度扞涉直接恪憢𧵑政府㐌𧿨𢧚佔優勢𪚚世界方西和接續灡𢌌𦋦世界。蹺時間、悉哿各渃資本㐌𣥱過事增長經濟一貫和事𢪲高𣞪𠸙𧵑𡥵𠊛。[13]
各茹批評主義資本朱浪系統主義資本設立權力𪚚拪沒層笠資本少數存在通過事剝𧎛階級工人多數和勞動𧵑戶；伮優先利潤欣利益社會、財源天然和媒場、主義資本羅沒動機𧵑不平等、貪冗和不穩經濟。𪚚欺仍𠊛擁護主義資本立論浪伮供給各産品卒欣和𢷮㵋通過事競爭、促𢱜多元和分級權利、分散事𢀭固朱悉哿仍𠊛産出𨍦𥯉投資𠓨各營業有益𢭸𨕭需求市場、朱法系統勸激靈活𪚚𥯉優先效果和𥑃凭本造𦋦事增長經濟猛瑪和𦀴吏能率和事盛旺固利朱社會。
- ↑ Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart（October 1988）Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach。Harcourt College Pub。「Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).」
- ↑ Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy。MIT Press。ngày 23 tháng 7 năm 2003。「In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.」
- ↑ Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit." London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi. Sage. p. 383.
- ↑ Gilpin, Robert（ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 2018）[ The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century]。
- ↑ Heilbroner, Robert L. "Capitalism". Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0198
- ↑ Louis Hyman and Edward E. Baptist (2014). American Capitalism: A Reader. Simon & Schuster. 板㑄:ISBN.
- ↑ Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert（ngày 28 tháng 2 năm 2013）The Global Economy and its Economic Systems。South-Western College Pub。「Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the factors of production. Decision making is decentralized and rests with the owners of the factors of production. Their decision making is coordinated by the market, which provides the necessary information. Material incentives are used to motivate participants.」
- ↑ 板㑄:Cite dictionary
- ↑ Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert（ngày 28 tháng 2 năm 2013）The Global Economy and its Economic Systems。South-Western College Pub。「Real-world capitalist systems are mixed, some having higher shares of public ownership than others. The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs. Privatization is when property that had been state-owned is transferred to private owners. Nationalization occurs when privately owned property becomes publicly owned.」
- ↑ Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.
- ↑ Bronk, Richard（Summer 2000）Which model of capitalism?。OECD。
- ↑ Stilwell, Frank. "Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas". First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.
- ↑ Sy, Wilson N.（ngày 18 tháng 9 năm 2016）[ Capitalism and Economic Growth Across the World]。「For 40 largest countries in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) database, it is shown statistically that capitalism, between 2003 and 2012, is positively correlated significantly to economic growth.」